The Citadel

At the Event Horizon chat on March 18, 1999, GRRM gave the following answer:

The Seven Kingdoms usage of course dates from the time of Aegon the Conqueror. At that time, there was the King in the North (1), the King of Mountain and Vale (2), the King of the Rock (3), the King of the Reach (4), the Storm King (5), the King of the Iron Islands, who also ruled the riverlands (6), and the kingdom of Dorne, which was ruled by a prince (7).

Waters for King’s Landing and Dragonstone, Snow for the North, Pyke for the Iron Islands, Rivers for the Riverlands, Stone for the Vale, Hill for the Westerlands, Flowers for the Reach, Storm for the Stormlands and Sand for Dorne. Some believe that the bastard name for Targaryen bastards is Blackfyre, however Blackfyre instead was a name which Aegon IV’s bastard son Daemon was allowed to take upon being knighted; prior to this, he was Daemon Waters. This is supported by the fact that his half-brothers Aegor and Brynden used the Rivers name, because their mothers were of the riverlands, and Princss Elaena Targaryen’s bastard children by Lord Oakenfist had the last name of Waters.

It’s possible that this picture is being complicated with A Dance with Dragons, as Lollys Stokeworth’s son is noted as “Tyrion Tanner”. There’s a possibility that this is another bastard name, perhaps unique to King’s Landing. However, the fact that Lollys conceived the child after being raped behind a tanner’s shop may make it likelier that this is a kind of mocking byname that the child has already been bestowed.

The nine Free Cities are Lys, Myr, Pentos, Braavos, Lorath, Norvos, Qohor, Volantis, Tyrosh. Of these all but Norvos and Qohor are located along coasts or upon islands.

• Blackfyre - The ancestral sword of House Targaryen. Last known to be wielded by Bittersteel, one of Aegon IV's Great Bastards, after the death of Daemon Blackfyre and his sons on the Redgrass Fields. Whereabouts unknown since his death in the Blackfyre Rebellion, although his half-brother Bittersteel took up the sword on the battlefield and may have carried it off into exile. Martin has described it as having been a hand-and-a-half sword
• Brightroar - The ancestral greatsword of House Lannister. Lost with King Tommen II while on his quest to Valyria (III: 359).
• Dark Sister - Another sword of House Targaryen, first mentioned in "The Sworn Sword". Wielded by the likes of Prince Aemon the Dragonknight and Lord Bloodraven, one of Aegon the Unworthy's bastards. Whereabouts unknown. Martin has described it as a longsword, suitable for use by a woman.
• Dawn - Not actually a Valyrian steel sword, although comparable with one. It is made from the metal from a fallen star. It is at least two millenia old, according to GRRM in SSC. Also according to Martin at the D&D, "... sword of the morning is the title assumed by certain men of house dayne who are prooved worthy of wielding Dawn." It is presumably located in Starfall, the seat of House Dayne, as there is no Sword of the Morning and Lord Dayne is a boy. It is a greatsword with a blade "pale as milkglass".
• Heartsbane - The ancestral greatsword of House Tarly, it has been in the family for nearly 500 years (I: 225). Wielded by Lord Randyll Tarly.
• Ice - The ancestral greatsword of House Stark for the last 400 years (I: 20). Melted down and reforged into two blades at the command of Lord Tywin Lannister (III: 359).
• Lady Forlorn - First mentioned in "The Sworn Sword", it is the ancestral longsword of House Corbray.
• Longclaw - The ancestral hand-and-a-half sword of House Mormont for five centuries (I: 547). Having been left at Bear Island by the disgraced Jorah Mormont, his father Lord Commander Jeor Mormont had it in his keeping until he gave it to Jon Snow in thanks for saving his life.
• Nightfall - First mentioned in "The Arms of the Kraken", it is the ancestral sword of House Harlaw.
• Oathkeeper - Newly forged out of the melted-down Ice of House Stark, Oathkeeper was intended for Ser Jaime Lannister. However, he gave it to Brienne of House Tarth. It is a longsword.
• Red Rain - First mentioned in "The Arms of the Kraken", it is the ancestral sword of House Drumm. An ancestor, Hilmar the Cunning, "had won the blade from a armored knight with wits and a wooden cudgel."
• Widow's Wail - Newly forged out of the melted-down Ice of House Stark, Widow's Wail was intended for King Joffrey Baratheon. Following his death, it now belongs to his brother, King Tommen. It is a longsword.
• Lamentation - Valyrian steel sword of House Royce of Runestone, lost at the Storming of the Dragonpit during the Dance of the Dragons.
• Vigilance - Valyrian steel sword of House Hightower.
• Orphan-Maker - Valyrian steel sword of House Roxton during the Dance of the Dragons, until the death of Lord Jon Roxton and its falling into the possession of Lord Unwin Peake.
• Truth - A sword belonging to the Rogare family of Lys in the time of Aegon III, last known to be carried by the soldier Moredo Rogare.
• Unnamed arakh - Carried by Caggo Corpsekiller, a Dothraki sellsword and right hand to the Tattered Prince who leads the Windblown.

GRRM has firmly stated that what happened with Daenerys at the end of A Game of Thrones was a unique event (SSL. EHC). That said, in A Dance with Dragons, it does seem that Daenerys has at least some supernatural protection from fire. While her hands are burned and blistered and her hair burned away, neither her scalp or any other part of her body was injured by her experience with Drogon’s fire.

• Balerion, the Black Dread - Ridden by Aegon I until his death, and then Maegor the Cruel. Finally, Prince Viserys—the future Viserys I—rode the dragon until his death in 92 AC.
• Vhagar - Ridden by Queen Visenya until her death, then Lady Laena Velaryon, and finally Prince Aemond Targaryen until they both died above the God’s Eye in 130 AC during the Dance of the Dragons .
• Meraxes - Ridden by Queen Rhaenys until the dragon (and perhaps its rider) was killed in Dorne in 9 AC.
• Syrax - Ridden by Rhaenyra Targaryen, Syrax was killed during the Dance of the Draogns in the Storming of the Dragonpit, but not before throwing off Rhaenyra’s son, Prince Joffrey, when he attempted to ride his mother’s dragon.
• Shrykos - A young dragon belonging to Aegon II’s son Prince Jaehaerys, killed at the Storming of the Dragonpit during the Dance of the Dragons..
• The Grey Ghost - A wild dragon of Dragonstone, said to snatch prey from the waters and shy of men. Killed by Sunfyre when that dragon followed Aegon II to the island during the Dance of the Dragons.
• Seasmoke - Ridden by Ser Laenor Velaryon until his death, then by his son Addam of Hull until both were killed by Vermithor while fighting at Second Tumbleton during the Dance of the Dragons.
• Sheepstealer - A wild dragon of Dragonstone. Tamed and mounted by the dragonseed Nettle. Assumed lost, though rumors from the Vale offer a contrary opinion.
• Sunfyre - The splendid golden dragon of Aegon II, grossly injured at Rook’s Rest while battling Meleys the Red Queen but recovered enough to make its way to Dragonstone where it slew the Grey Ghost. Received mortal wounds from the young dragon Moondancer, and died not long after.
• Tessarion, the Blue Queen - Ridden by Prince Daeron the Daring, and was killed while riderless in battle at Second Tumbleton after fighting Seasmoke and Vermithor.
• Dreamfyre - Once ridden by Rhaena Targaryen, sister of Jaehaerys I, and then by Queen Helaeana, wife of Aegon II. Killed at the Storming of the Dragonpit during the Dance of the Dragons.
• Morghul - A young dragon belonging to Princess Jaehaera, daughter of King Aegon II. Killed at the Storming of the Dragonpit during the Dance of the Dragons.
• Silverwing - Once ridden by Queen Alysanne, then claimed by the dragonseed Ulf the White, who was a traitor at First Tumbleton. It’s rider killed at Second Tumbleton, and attacked by those who killed him, Silverwing escaped and made its lair on an island in Red Lake. No more is known of its fate.
• Meleys, the Red Queen - Ridden by Princess Rhaenys, the Queen Who Never Was. An old, cunning dragon, Meleys was killed with her rider at Rook’s Rest at the outset of the Dance of the Dragon.
• Caraxes, the Blood Wyrm - Ridden by Prince Daemon Targaryen until their death in the Battle Above the Gods Eye in 130 AC, where they fought and killed Prince Aemond Targaryen and Vhagar.
• Vermax - Ridden by Princes Jacaerys Velaryon during the Dance of the Dragons, and died with him at the Battle of the Gullet.
• Arrax - Ridden by Prince Lucerys Velaryon at the outset of the Dance of the Dragons, and killed with him by Prince Aemond and Vhagar above Shipbreaker Bay.
• Tyraxes - A dragon belonging to young Prince Joffrey Velaryon, killed at the Storming of the Dragonpit during the Dance of the Dragons.
• The Cannibal - A wild dragon of Dragonstone, alleged to have been on the isle since before the Targaryens made it their home. Never tamed, its fate unknown.
• Stormcloud - Ridden by Prince Aegon the Younger, son of Princess Rhaenyra. Killed at the Battle of the Gullet.
• Moondancer - A very young dragon ridden by Lady Baela Targaryen, died in battle against Sunfyre on Dragonstone near the end of the Dance of the Dragons.
• Morning - A dragon much too young for war during the Dance of the Dragons, ridden by Lady Rhaena Targaryen. Fate unknown.
• Urrax - A legendary dragon from tales of Serwyn of the Mirror Shield, allegedly killed by Serwyn when it would not stop staring at its own reflection.
• Drogon, Viserion, Rhaegal - The three dragons of Daenerys Targaryen.

According to Tyrion and Haldon Halfmaester, Lomas Longstrider travelled the world and wrote to works, Wonders and Wonders Made by Man. He cataloged sixteen wonders in total, seven by the gods and nine made by man.

The only certain wonders appear to be the Valyrian stone roads, the fourth of the nine man-made wonders, (V: 117) and the triple walls of Qarth (V: 755). It may be implied in the text that the ruins of the Great Pyramid of Ghis, which we’re told Lomas Longstrider visited (V: 880), may also number among them. Speculatively, fans have considered the possibility of the Titan of Braavos, the Wall, the Hightower of Oldtown, and Harrenhal being among the other man-made wonders.

The natural wonders are not known, though readers have suggested that Casterly Rock and perhaps the Giant’s Lance might fit, as well as the Rhoyne, the Shadow, the Mother of Mountains, and the Fourteen Flames, among others.